在管理實踐中發現，不少鄉村或個體瓦斯發電機組，由于運行人員文化程度低，加上沒有受到正規、系統的技術培訓，他們缺乏對瓦斯發電機組發電機運行維護經驗，致使發電機長期帶病低效運行，影響了水電站的安全和效益。下面就水電站發電機的運行維護，有以下幾點經驗和體會，供瓦斯發電機組的運行管理人員參考。

　　In management practice, it has been found that many rural or individual gas generator units lack experience in the operation and maintenance of gas generator units due to the low educational level of the operating personnel and the lack of formal and systematic technical training, resulting in long-term and inefficient operation of the generators, which affects the safety and efficiency of hydropower stations. Below are some experiences and insights on the operation and maintenance of hydroelectric power generators, for the reference of operation and management personnel of gas generator units.

　　1、保持發電機的清潔

　　1. Keep the generator clean

　　經常清除發電機表面的油污和灰塵，定期清除發電機的電刷粉末,灰塵和電刷粉末被吸入到發電機的內部，會造成發電機的絕緣降低，甚至會引起發電機的內部短。清掃方法可用高壓氣筒打氣吹清潔,也可用毛刷進行清掃，再用干凈布蘸上酒精清除污垢和電刷粉末，特別是發電機的電刷滑環部位要定期認真進行清潔。

　　Regularly remove oil and dust from the surface of the generator, and regularly clean the brush powder of the generator. If dust and brush powder are sucked into the interior of the generator, it can cause a decrease in insulation and even lead to internal short circuits of the generator. The cleaning method can be to use a high-pressure air cylinder to blow and clean, or to use a brush for cleaning. Then, use a clean cloth dipped in alcohol to remove dirt and brush powder, especially the brush slip ring of the generator, which should be cleaned regularly and carefully.

　　2、經常對電刷滑環進行檢查和維護

　　2. Regularly inspect and maintain the electric brush slip ring

　　發電機能否安全穩定運行，與正確進行滑環維護，正確選擇電刷，有著極其重要的關系。往往由于電刷的選用不當，滑環的維護不及時，加速了發電機電刷、滑環的磨損。有時磨損落下的碳粉與銅末，吸入線圈端頭而引起短路，燒壞繞組，致使發電機不能正常運行，無功出力不足,影響機組的安全和效率,因此，必須經常對電刷滑環進行檢查和維護。

　　The safe and stable operation of the generator is closely related to the correct maintenance of the slip ring and the proper selection of the electric brush. Often due to improper selection of electric brushes and untimely maintenance of slip rings, the wear of generator brushes and slip rings is accelerated. Sometimes the carbon powder and copper powder that fall from wear and tear can be sucked into the coil end, causing a short circuit and burning out the winding, resulting in the generator being unable to operate normally, insufficient reactive power output, and affecting the safety and efficiency of the unit. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly inspect and maintain the electric brush slip ring.

　　運行中的電刷必須在滑環的中心線上，電刷與刷握配合不能太緊，要保證電刷在刷握之間有0.1~0.2mm的間隙，太緊了可稍微磨小電刷尺寸。允許電刷在刷握內有少量的縱向跳動，允許電刷有少量火花，但跳動過大或火花嚴重,必須進行維修。如果電刷位置不在中心線上，可調整刷桿或者刷握位置，固定刷辮的螺栓應當緊固。刷握的彈簧必須有一定的壓力，且不能太緊、太松或者松緊不均，應調整彈簧的壓力使之大小適中且均勻。

　　The running electric brush must be on the center line of the slip ring, and the fit between the electric brush and the brush holder should not be too tight. It is necessary to ensure that there is a gap of 0.1-0.2mm between the electric brush and the brush holder. If it is too tight, the size of the electric brush can be slightly reduced. Allow a small amount of longitudinal runout of the brush holder and a small amount of spark in the brush, but if the runout is too large or the spark is severe, maintenance must be carried out. If the position of the brush is not on the centerline, the position of the brush rod or brush holder can be adjusted, and the bolts fixing the brush braid should be tightened. The spring of the brush holder must have a certain amount of pressure, and should not be too tight, too loose, or unevenly tensioned. The pressure of the spring should be adjusted to be moderate and uniform in size.

　　電刷磨損過度，或者使用的電刷型號不對，會產生嚴重火花燒壞滑環，應當及時進行更換。更換電刷要使用原發電機廠家規定型號的電刷，或者符合滑環技術要求的電刷。如果不清楚電刷的型號時，對于發電機轉速1000r/min及以下的，可以采用D104型石墨電刷。每次更換電刷的數量不能超過電刷總數的1/3，而且與滑環的接觸面要研磨成弧形，使之與滑環接觸良好。

　　Excessive wear of the electric brush, or using the wrong type of electric brush, can cause serious sparks and burn out the slip ring. It should be replaced in a timely manner. To replace the electric brush, use the electric brush specified by the original generator manufacturer or the electric brush that meets the technical requirements of the slip ring. If the model of the brush is unclear, D104 graphite brush can be used for generator speeds of 1000r/min and below. The number of brushes replaced each time should not exceed one-third of the total number of brushes, and the contact surface with the slip ring should be ground into an arc shape to ensure good contact with the slip ring.

　　發電機滑環的表面應當圓而光滑，否則會加速電刷的磨損，引起電刷火花嚴重，燒蝕滑環.滑環表面燒毛不光滑或者有小的凹槽，必須進行修復。其方法是慢慢轉動轉子,用平細銼刀用力平壓在滑環上，對滑環表面進行打磨，然后在平木條面上鋪上00號細玻璃砂紙，對滑環表面進行研磨精光，最后用毛刷仔細清除銼刀屑和砂紙屑。大的凹槽或者刷滑嚴重失圓時，必須拆下滑環用車床修復。滑環與電刷接觸不良產生高溫，會使滑環上的螺栓絕緣套管老化甚至燒壞，引起勵磁系統短路。如果該絕緣套管被燒壞，又無備品更換，可用干燥的小竹管替代。方法是，選擇一段干燥的小竹管(竹管的空心應與螺栓的直徑相同)，將螺栓穿入空心的竹管內，慢慢刮削竹管的外圓，使穿有螺栓的竹管正好能穿過滑環上的孔，切去多余的部分，裝上絕緣墊片，緊固螺栓即可。

　　The surface of the generator slip ring should be round and smooth, otherwise it will accelerate the wear of the electric brush, cause serious sparks from the electric brush, and burn the slip ring The surface of the slip ring is not smooth or has small grooves, which must be repaired. The method is to slowly rotate the rotor, use a flat and fine file to press it firmly onto the slip ring, polish the surface of the slip ring, then lay 00 grit glass sandpaper on the flat wooden strip surface to polish the slip ring surface, and finally carefully remove the file debris and sandpaper debris with a brush. When there is a large groove or severe brush slip, the slip ring must be removed and repaired with a lathe. Poor contact between the slip ring and the electric brush can generate high temperatures, which can cause the insulation sleeve of the bolts on the slip ring to age or even burn out, resulting in a short circuit in the excitation system. If the insulation sleeve is burned out and there are no spare parts to replace, a dry small bamboo tube can be used as a substitute. The method is to select a dry small bamboo tube (the hollow of the bamboo tube should be the same diameter as the bolt), thread the bolt into the hollow bamboo tube, slowly scrape the outer circle of the bamboo tube, so that the bamboo tube with the bolt can pass through the hole on the slip ring, cut off the excess part, install the insulation pad, and tighten the bolt.

　　3、加強運行中發電機的監視和檢查

　　3. Strengthen the monitoring and inspection of generators during operation

　　（1）發電機繞組溫度、發電機軸承溫度的檢查監視

　　(1) Inspection and monitoring of generator winding temperature and generator bearing temperature

　　對正在運行的發電機，可用手背接觸發電機外殼,檢查其溫度是否正常，與過去相比是否有大的變化等異常。用眼睛觀察運行中的發電機出線接頭，看其溫度是否過高、接觸不良造成接頭發熱。發熱不嚴重的顏色為灰黑色，發熱嚴重的呈紅色。也可以用絕緣小棒，棒頭沾一點水觸及發電機被測試相的出線樁頭，如果溫度過高則會散發熱氣。但應注意,嚴禁同時觸及兩相接線樁頭，以防發生短路。也可以停機切斷電源后，立即用手觸摸發電機出線接頭和勵磁線接頭，查看其溫度是否過高，如過高必須立即進行處理。銅鋁導線相連接時，接頭應該采用銅鋁接線鼻或者銅鋁設備線夾，最好在接合面上涂一層導電膏。發電機出線接頭必須緊固可靠，接線螺栓的上下兩面都要有墊片。緊固銅螺栓時必須緩慢用力擰緊,全部擰緊后，還要檢查一遍，確保萬無一失。

　　For a running generator, you can touch the generator casing with your hand to check if its temperature is normal and if there are any significant changes compared to the past. Observe the running generator outlet connector with your eyes to see if its temperature is too high or if poor contact causes the connector to heat up. The color of mild fever is gray black, while severe fever is red. An insulated rod can also be used, with the tip of the rod dipped in a little water and touching the output pile head of the tested phase of the generator. If the temperature is too high, it will emit hot air. However, it should be noted that it is strictly prohibited to touch the two phase connection pile heads at the same time to prevent short circuits. You can also stop the machine and cut off the power supply, and immediately touch the generator outlet connector and excitation line connector with your hand to check if their temperature is too high. If it is too high, it must be dealt with immediately. When connecting copper aluminum wires, copper aluminum wire connectors or copper aluminum equipment clamps should be used for the joints, and it is best to apply a layer of conductive paste on the joint surface. The generator outlet joint must be securely fastened, and there should be gaskets on both sides of the wiring bolt. When tightening copper bolts, they must be tightened slowly and forcefully. After tightening them all, they should be checked again to ensure that everything is foolproof.

　　（2）發電機運行聲音及振動的檢查監視

　　(2) Inspection and monitoring of generator operation sound and vibration

　　發電機地腳螺栓松動或者損壞，會引起機組振動,應當緊固螺栓或者更換損壞的螺栓。發電機的軸承部位出現異常振動和響聲，有可能是發電機的軸承缺少潤滑油或者軸承損壞，必須進行加油或更換。發電機采用的是滾動軸承一般選用2號或3號鈉基潤滑脂或鈣鈉基潤滑脂，不同規格的潤滑脂不能混合使用，以免油脂變質.每運行2500~3000h，應清洗軸承，更換新油脂，加油脂時應注意以軸承腔容積的2/3為宜。正常的發電機在運行中應有均勻的“嗡嗡”聲，否則應立即停機檢查檢修。

　　Loose or damaged foundation bolts of the generator can cause vibration of the unit, and the bolts should be tightened or the damaged bolts replaced. Abnormal vibration and noise in the bearing parts of the generator may be due to a lack of lubricating oil or damage to the bearings, which must be refueled or replaced. The generator uses rolling bearings and generally uses No.2 or No.3 sodium based grease or calcium sodium based grease. Different specifications of grease cannot be mixed to avoid grease deterioration Every 2500-3000 hours of operation, the bearings should be cleaned and new grease should be replaced. When adding grease, it is advisable to use 2/3 of the bearing chamber volume. A normal generator should have a uniform buzzing sound during operation, otherwise it should be immediately shut down for inspection and maintenance.

　　（3）發電機電流、勵磁電流、電壓的監視要對定子電流、勵磁電流、電壓、功率進行監測,防止發電機過負荷、缺相，發電機定子、勵磁系統及發電機外部電路等發生故障而損壞發電機。運行中還要監視發電機是否有異常氣味，發電機有異常氣味，必須立即停機檢查和檢修。

　　(3) The monitoring of generator current, excitation current, and voltage requires monitoring of stator current, excitation current, voltage, and power to prevent generator overload, phase loss, and damage to the generator caused by faults in the stator, excitation system, and external circuits. During operation, it is also necessary to monitor whether the generator has any abnormal odor. If the generator has any abnormal odor, it must be stopped immediately for inspection and maintenance.

　　（4）要預防鼠害實踐中發現不少發電機房內有老鼠，咬破發電機線圈，對發電機的危害極大。因此，要在發電機房內進行滅鼠，還要對發電機的進風口、端蓋處空隙安裝防護網，并定期對發電機的端蓋及氣隙槽進行清理。

　　(4) In practice, it has been found that there are many mice in the generator room that bite through the generator coil, posing great harm to the generator. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out rodent control in the generator room, install protective nets at the air inlet and end cover gaps of the generator, and regularly clean the end cover and air gap groove of the generator.

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