1. What is the reason for the loss of excitation of the generator (electric ball) and how should it be handled?

答：發電機(電球)長時間不用，導致出廠前含在鐵芯中的剩磁失去，勵磁線圈建立不起應有的磁場，這時發動機運轉正常但發不出電，此類現象新機或長期不用的機組較多。 處理方法：

Answer: If the generator (electric ball) is not used for a long time, it will result in the loss of residual magnetism contained in the iron core before leaving the factory, and the excitation coil cannot establish the necessary magnetic field. At this time, the engine runs normally but cannot generate electricity. There are many new or long-term unused units in this phenomenon. Handling method:

1）有勵磁按鈕的按一下勵磁按鈕。

1) If there is an excitation button, press the excitation button once.

2）無勵磁按鈕的，用電瓶對其充磁。

2) If there is no excitation button, magnetize it with an electric battery.

3）帶一個燈泡負荷，超速運轉幾秒鐘。

3) Carry a light bulb load and operate at overspeed for a few seconds.

2、電能屬于哪級能源？交流電的特點是什么？

2. What level of energy does electricity belong to? What are the characteristics of alternating current?

答：電能屬于二級能源，交流電由機械能轉換過來，直流電由化學能轉化過來，交流電的特點是不能儲存，現發現用。

Answer: Electric energy belongs to the category of secondary energy, with alternating current converted from mechanical energy and direct current converted from chemical energy. The characteristic of alternating current is that it cannot be stored and is now found to be used.

3、為什么發電機(電球)工作倉必須保證清潔、地面無浮塵？

3. Why must the working compartment of the generator (electric ball) be kept clean and free of floating dust on the ground?

答：柴油機若吸入臟空氣會使功率下降；發電機若吸入沙粒、灰塵等雜質會使定轉子間隙之間的絕緣破壞，重者導致燒毀。

Answer: If a diesel engine sucks in dirty air, it will cause a decrease in power; If the generator sucks in impurities such as sand and dust, it can damage the insulation between the stator and rotor gaps, and in severe cases, cause burning.

4、引起水溫高報警停機以至無法使用，有哪些原因？

4. What are the reasons for causing a high water temperature alarm to shut down and render it unusable?

答：1）水箱漏水或水量不足；

Answer: 1) The water tank is leaking or the water volume is insufficient;

2）水溫傳感器損壞；

2) The water temperature sensor is damaged;

3）水箱水道污垢太厚或散熱片油污過多；

3) The dirt in the water tank channel is too thick or the heat sink has too much oil stains;

4）風扇皮帶磨損過大，壓力不足；

4) Excessive wear and insufficient pressure on the fan belt;

5）水泵磨損，泵水量不足；

5) The water pump is worn and the water volume is insufficient;

6）節溫器開啟角度不夠，有卡死現象；

6) The opening angle of the thermostat is insufficient and there is a jamming phenomenon;

7）氣缸墊沖壞，水道與氣缸相通；

7) The cylinder gasket is damaged and the water channel is connected to the cylinder;

8）氣缸套磨損過甚，局部滲水；

8) Excessive wear of the cylinder liner, local water seepage;

9）機房通風不符合要求；

9) The ventilation of the computer room does not meet the requirements;

10）發動機超載運行。

10) Engine overload operation.

5、柴油機為什么冒黑煙？

5. Why do diesel engines emit black smoke?

答：柴油機在高負荷時，排氣就容易冒黑煙。黑煙的生成過程，目前還不完全清楚，一般認為當柴油機負荷高時，噴入燃燒室的燃料增多，燃燒室中的溫度又較高，加上柴油機混合氣形成不均勻的特點，這樣就會造成燃燒室內局部地區空氣不足的燃燒，燃料在高溫缺氧的情況下分解，聚合形成炭煙（炭黑）。炭煙不是純粹的碳，而是一種聚合體，主要成分是碳（85%以上），但還含有少量的氧、氫和灰分，并且其成分隨柴油機的負荷不同而有所改變。將黑煙通過過濾器把炭煙收集起來放在電子顯微鏡下觀察，可以看到大的炭煙粒子直徑在 0.05μｍ左右。柴油機中燃燒的高溫裂解反應是不可避免的，特別是在空間混合燃燒的柴油機中，高溫的氣體包圍著液態的油滴，造成了進行裂解反應有利的條件，燃燒過程的高速攝影證實，在上止點附近都會出現大量的黑煙，但在一般情況下，炭煙都能在隨后的燃燒中找到空氣而完全燃燒，使排氣無黑煙。但是如果氣缸空氣不足，混合過程進行緩慢，那么由于膨脹而使氣缸溫度下降，則碳不能燃燒而被聚合成炭煙。形成炭煙就使燃燒不完全，柴油機經濟性下降，排溫升高，排氣冒黑煙，燃燒室表面積炭，并使負荷不能再行提高。積炭還會引起活塞環或活塞卡住、氣門咬死等故障。因此不允許柴油機在長時間超負荷的狀態下工作。

Answer: When a diesel engine is under high load, the exhaust is prone to emitting black smoke. The process of generating black smoke is currently not fully understood. It is generally believed that when a diesel engine has a high load, the amount of fuel injected into the combustion chamber increases, and the temperature in the combustion chamber is also high. In addition, the uneven formation of the diesel engine mixture can lead to insufficient air combustion in local areas of the combustion chamber, and the fuel decomposes under high temperature and oxygen deficiency, aggregating to form carbon black (carbon black). Carbon smoke is not pure carbon, but a polymer, mainly composed of carbon (over 85%), but also contains a small amount of oxygen, hydrogen, and ash, and its composition varies with the load of the diesel engine. Collect black smoke through a filter and observe it under an electron microscope. It can be seen that the diameter of large soot particles is 0.05 μ About m. The high-temperature cracking reaction of combustion in diesel engines is inevitable, especially in space mixed combustion diesel engines where high-temperature gases surround liquid oil droplets, creating favorable conditions for cracking reaction. High speed photography of the combustion process confirms that a large amount of black smoke appears near the top dead center. However, in general, carbon smoke can find air in the subsequent combustion and completely burn, leaving the exhaust without black smoke. However, if there is insufficient air in the cylinder and the mixing process progresses slowly, the temperature of the cylinder will decrease due to expansion, and the carbon will not burn and will aggregate into soot. The formation of soot leads to incomplete combustion, a decrease in diesel engine economy, an increase in exhaust temperature, black smoke emitted from the exhaust, charcoal on the surface of the combustion chamber, and the inability to further increase the load. Carbon accumulation can also cause piston rings or pistons to get stuck, valves to bite, and other malfunctions. Therefore, diesel engines are not allowed to operate under prolonged overload conditions.

5、 油箱內為什么會有水，如何防止？

5. Why is there water in the fuel tank and how to prevent it?

答：合格的燃油出廠時不會含有雜質和水分，但在運輸和儲存過程中或多或少會混入塵埃、污物及水分；油箱不滿時，箱內空氣中水分易形成冷凝水滴混入燃油中。燃油的使用和儲存上應注意下面幾點：

Answer: Qualified fuel will not contain impurities and moisture when leaving the factory, but it will be mixed with dust, dirt, and moisture to some extent during transportation and storage; When the fuel tank is full, water in the air inside the tank is prone to forming condensed droplets that mix with the fuel. The following points should be noted in the use and storage of fuel:

1）燃油先要在油箱內存放24小時以上，使水和雜質沉淀后使用；

1) Fuel should be stored in the fuel tank for at least 24 hours to allow water and impurities to settle before use;

2）每次工作結束后盡量將日用油箱裝滿，這樣可以防止油箱空氣中的水分混入燃油內；

2) After each work, try to fill the daily fuel tank as much as possible to prevent water from the air in the tank from mixing with the fuel;

3）注油時先要將漏斗、油箱端蓋擦干凈，使用手搖泵時，注意不要將低部沉積物一起抽出；

3) When injecting oil, first wipe the funnel and oil tank end cover clean. When using a hand pump, be careful not to extract the lower sediment together;

4）定期打開油箱排泄旋塞排除積水、沉淀。

4) Regularly open the fuel tank drain cock to remove accumulated water and sediment.

6、什么故障可以造成電機(電球)組啟動馬達傳動齒輪打齒的事故？

6. What fault can cause the motor (electric ball) group to start an accident where the transmission gear of the motor teeth?

答：蓄電池電力不足蓄電池溫度過高； 啟動電機繼電器不工作 ；啟動馬達傳動齒輪與飛輪齒圈不能嚙合； 啟動電機進入嚙合柴油機不能轉動或轉動無力； 啟動電機不轉； 啟動失效； 柴油機運轉后和啟動電機不能分離；

Answer: Insufficient battery power, high battery temperature; The starting motor relay does not work; The transmission gear of the starting motor cannot mesh with the flywheel ring gear; The starting motor cannot rotate or the rotation is weak when entering the meshing diesel engine; The starting motor does not rotate; Start failure; The diesel engine cannot be separated from the starting motor after operation;

7、AVR損壞的主要原因是什么？

7. What are the main reasons for AVR damage?

答：AVR電路由整流主回路，電壓檢測電路，比較控制電路三個部分組成；排除原有電氣元件本身質量上的原因造成損壞的可能性而言，在整塊AVR電路中，主回路和比較控制電路的工作頻率變動大；其中主回路的整流橋和比較電路中的晶體管變動更頻，其損壞比例占整塊AVR損壞率的90%以上；鑒于進口發電機上的AVR屬于非拆修配件，損壞了就要換新的，所以，我們主要分析造成發電機上的AVR損壞的原因，盡可能避免AVR的損壞是重要的，只要使用適當，可以提高AVR的使用壽命。發電機電壓越穩定，AVR內的變動頻率越小；比較電路中的晶體管的開關動作越小，AVR損壞的幾率越小；輸出負載相對平穩，AVR內的變動頻率越小，比較電路中的晶體管的開關動作越小，AVR損壞的幾率越小；柴油機的轉速越穩定，變化電流對AVR的振蕩沖擊越小；經常性的“游車”和超負載，三相負載相差太大是造成AVR損壞的主要原因；選擇帶E、F、C燃油系統的發電機組，由于頻率變動小，AVR的使用會更可靠。

Answer: The AVR circuit consists of three parts: a rectifier main circuit, a voltage detection circuit, and a comparison control circuit; In terms of excluding the possibility of damage caused by the quality of the original electrical components themselves, in the entire AVR circuit, the working frequency of the main circuit and the comparative control circuit varies greatly; The rectifier bridge in the main circuit and the transistor in the comparison circuit fluctuate more frequently, accounting for over 90% of the damage rate of the entire AVR; Considering that the AVR on imported generators is a non repairable accessory that needs to be replaced if damaged, we mainly analyze the reasons for the damage to the AVR on the generator. It is important to avoid AVR damage as much as possible. As long as it is used properly, the service life of the AVR can be improved. The more stable the voltage of the generator, the smaller the frequency of variation within the AVR; The smaller the switching action of transistors in the comparison circuit, the lower the probability of AVR damage; The output load is relatively stable, and the smaller the frequency of variation within the AVR, the smaller the switching action of the transistors in the comparison circuit, and the lower the probability of AVR damage; The more stable the speed of a diesel engine, the smaller the oscillation impact of the changing current on AVR; Frequent "traveling" and overload, as well as large differences in three-phase loads, are the main reasons for AVR damage; Choose a generator set with E, F, and C fuel systems, as the frequency variation is small, the use of AVR will be more reliable.

8、兩臺發電機組并機的條件是什么？用什么裝置來完成并機工作？

8. What are the conditions for merging two generator sets? What device is used to complete the parallel operation?

答：并機使用的條件是兩臺機瞬間的電壓、頻率、相位相同。俗稱“三同時”。用專用并機裝置來完成并機工作。一般建議采用全自動并機柜。盡量不用手動并機。因為手動并機的成功或失敗取決于人為經驗。筆者以20多年從事電力工作的經驗斗膽放言，柴油發電機手動并機的可靠成功率等于0。決不能以市電大電源系統可用手動并機的概念來套用小電源系統，因為二者的保護等級完全不一樣的。

Answer: The condition for parallel operation is that the instantaneous voltage, frequency, and phase of the two machines are the same. Commonly known as "three simultaneities". Use a dedicated parallel device to complete the parallel operation. It is generally recommended to use fully automatic parallel cabinets. Try not to manually merge machines. The success or failure of manual parallel operation depends on human experience. Based on more than 20 years of experience in power work, the author boldly states that the reliable success rate of manual parallel operation of diesel generators is equal to 0. We cannot apply the concept of manual parallel operation to a small power supply system based on the availability of a large power supply system, as the protection levels of the two are completely different.

9、為什么機組每運行200小時后，要進行一項所有電器接觸件的緊固工作？

9. Why is it necessary to tighten all electrical contacts after every 200 hours of operation of the unit?

答：柴油發電機組組屬振動工作器。而且很多國內生產或組裝的機組該用雙螺母的沒用。該用彈簧墊片的沒用，一旦電器緊固件松懈，會產生很大的接觸電阻，導致機組運行不正常。

Answer: The diesel generator set belongs to the vibration working device. And many domestically produced or assembled units should use double nuts without use. The use of spring washers is useless. Once the electrical fasteners loosen, it will generate a large contact resistance, leading to abnormal operation of the unit.

10、為什么發電機(電球)房必須保證清潔、地面無浮沙？

10. Why must the generator (electric ball) room be clean and free of floating sand on the ground?

答：柴油機若吸入臟空氣會使功率下降；發電機若吸入沙粒等雜質會使定轉子間隙之間的絕緣破壞，重者導致燒毀。

Answer: If a diesel engine sucks in dirty air, it will cause a decrease in power; If the generator sucks in impurities such as sand particles, it can damage the insulation between the stator and rotor gaps, and in severe cases, cause burning.

11、UPS與柴油發電機如何功率配套，才能保證UPS輸出穩定？

11. How do UPS and diesel generators match in power to ensure stable UPS output?

答：1）UPS一般用視在功率KVA表示，先把它乘0.8換算成與發電機有功功率一致的單位KW。

Answer: 1) UPS is generally expressed in terms of apparent power KVA. First, multiply it by 0.8 to convert it into a unit of KW that is consistent with the active power of the generator.

2）若采用一般發電機，則以UPS的有功功率乘以2來確定所配發電機功率、即發電機功率為UPS功率的二倍。

2) If a general generator is used, the active power of the UPS is multiplied by 2 to determine the power of the allocated generator, which is twice the power of the UPS.

3）若采用帶PMG（永磁機勵磁）發電機，則以UPS的功率乘以1.2來確定發電機功率、即發電機功率為UPS功率的1.2倍。

3) If a generator with PMG (permanent magnet excitation) is used, the generator power is determined by multiplying the UPS power by 1.2, i.e. the generator power is 1.2 times the UPS power.

12、 一臺發電機組的頻率、電壓均不穩定其問題在于發動機還是發電機？

12. The frequency and voltage of a generator set are unstable, and the problem lies in the engine or generator?

答：在于發動機。

Answer: It's the engine.

13、 一臺發電機組的頻率穩定，電壓不穩定其問題在于發動機還是發電機?

13. The frequency of a generator set is stable, but the voltage is unstable. Is the problem with the engine or the generator?

答：在于發電機

Answer: It's about the generator

14、 發電機失磁是怎么回事，應怎么處理？

14. What is the cause of generator loss of excitation and how should we handle it?

答：發電機長時間不用，導致出廠前含在鐵芯中的剩磁失去，勵磁線圈建立不起應有的磁場，這時發動機運轉正常但發不出電，此類現象新機。或長期不用的機組較多。處理方法：

Answer: If the generator is not used for a long time, the residual magnetism contained in the iron core before leaving the factory will be lost, and the excitation coil will not establish the necessary magnetic field. At this time, the engine will run normally but cannot generate electricity, which is a new phenomenon. There are many units that may not be used for a long time. Handling method:

1）如機組配有勵磁按鈕的，按一下勵磁按鈕

1) If the unit is equipped with an excitation button, press the excitation button once

2）無勵磁按鈕的，用電瓶對其充磁；

2) If there is no excitation button, use an electric battery to magnetize it;

3）帶一個燈泡負荷，超速運轉幾秒鐘。

3) Carry a light bulb load and operate at overspeed for a few seconds.

15、開機送電后帶負荷順序是什么？

15. What is the load sequence after power on and on?

答：負荷從大到小依次帶上。

Answer: The load should be carried in order from high to low.

16、機之前卸負荷順序是什么？

16. What is the unloading sequence before the machine?

答：負荷從小到大依次卸下，后關機。

Answer: Remove the load from small to large, and then turn it off.

17、為什么不能帶負荷關機、開機？

17. Why can't I turn off and on with load?

答：帶負荷關機屬緊急停機，對機組沖擊較大。帶負荷開機屬違規操作對發電設備用電設備均會帶來損傷。

Answer: Shutdown with load is an emergency shutdown that has a significant impact on the unit. Starting on load is a violation of regulations that can cause damage to both power generation and electrical equipment.

18、所謂三相四線制是怎么一回事？

18. What is the so-called three-phase four wire system?

答：發電機組出線有4根，其中3根為火線，1根為零線。火線與火線之間電壓為380V。火線與零線之間為220V。

Answer: There are 4 outgoing lines for the generator set, of which 3 are live wires and 1 is zero wire. The voltage between the live wire is 380V. The voltage between the live line and the zero line is 220V.

19、三相短路是怎么一回事？會產生什么后果？

19. What is a three-phase short circuit? What are the consequences?

答：火線之間未經過任何負荷，直接短路即為三相短路。其后果十分可怕，嚴重的會導致機毀人亡。

Answer: A direct short circuit between live wires without any load is a three-phase short circuit. The consequences are very terrifying, and in severe cases, it can lead to aircraft damage and human death.

20、所謂倒送電是怎么回事? 會產生哪兩種嚴重后果?

20. What is the so-called reverse power transmission? What are the two serious consequences that can arise?

答: 自備發電機(電球)向市網送電的情況叫倒送電。其嚴重后果有兩種：

Answer: The situation where a self-contained generator (electric ball) sends electricity to the city network is called reverse power transmission. There are two serious consequences:

市網未停電，其市網電源與自備發電機電源產生非同期并機，必毀壞機組。若自備發電機容量較大，還會使市網發生震蕩。b) 市網已停電正在檢修，其自備發電機倒送電。則會使供電部門檢修人員觸電身亡。

If there is no power outage in the city grid, the power supply of the city grid and the power supply of the self-provided generator will cause asynchronous parallel operation, which will inevitably damage the unit. If the capacity of the self-provided generator is large, it can also cause oscillations in the city network. b) The city power grid has been cut off and is undergoing maintenance, with its own generator being powered back. It will cause electric shock to the maintenance personnel of the power supply department.